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Don Edward Beck is a teacher, geopolitical advisor, and theorist focusing on applications of large scale psychology, including social psychology, evolutionary psychology, organizational psychology and their effect on human sociocultural systems. He is the co-author of the "Spiral Dynamics" theory, an evolutionary human development model. He spent many years adapting the work of his mentor and colleague, developmental psychologist Clare W. Graves, Professor Emeritus in Psychology at Union College in New York. ==Theory development== Beck first met Graves in 1975 and worked with him closely until his death in 1986. Graves had published his theory〔("Human Nature Prepares for a Momentous Leap" ), by Clare W. Graves, in ''The Futurist'', 1974〕 of human development in 1974, a "bio-psycho-social systems" framework of value systems as applied to human sociocultural evolution which posits that the psychology of the mature human being transitions from a current level of cultural existence based on current life conditions to a more complex level in response to (or cope with) changes in existential reality. Graves's model demonstrates the dual nature human social emergence with change states between communal/collective value systems (sacrifice self) and individualistic (express self) value systems. According to the 1974 ''Futurist'' biography of Graves, he began decades of experimentation and research starting in 1952. In ''The Futurist'' article, Graves classified a total of eight levels of increasingly complex human value systems consisting of a hierarchically ordered, always-open-to-change set of identifiable world views, preferences, and purposes.〔("Charted Levels of Existence as seen by Clare W. Graves" ), in ''The Futurist'', 1974〕 Through these value systems, groups and cultures structure their societies and individuals integrate within them. Each distinct set of values is developed as a response to solving the problems of the previous system. Changes between states may occur incrementally (first order change) or in a sudden breakthrough (second order change). The original 1974 publication, "Human Nature Prepares for a Momentous Leap" (''The Futurist'', pp. 72–87) defined the overall theory and the value systems within it. Each system may express a healthy or unhealthy manifestation of its values, as defined by Graves: The First Tier systems were grouped by nature of their narrow perspective as "subsistence levels" (para. 4), each aligns with a specific world view that rejects the prior systems and seeks to preserve its own status quo. The differences between communal/collective and individualistic value systems, and the inability of First Tier systems to recognize the strengths or pathologies of other world views, helps to explain social conflict in the world today (para. 7). According to Graves, the move to Second Tier thinking requires a "leap" in perspective. At Second Tier - the first 'being level', society recognizes a responsibility for facilitating the health of each value system on First Tier. The goal is not expediting emergence but the result is, when healthy, each First Tier system will naturally progress toward Second Tier. From Graves' work, Beck and his colleague, Cristopher Cowan, developed the theory further and presented a structured evolutionary model of adaptive intelligence called Spiral Dynamics. Beck and Cowan first published their construct in ''Spiral Dynamics: Mastering Values, Leadership, and Change (Exploring the New Science of Memetics)'' (1996).〔(''Spiral Dynamics: Mastering values, leadership and change'' ), by Don Beck and Chris Cowan〕 Spiral Dynamics theory spawned much discussion and (sometimes tangential) integration of concepts by other theorists, such as Ken Wilber.〔(''The Integral Vision at the Millennium'' ), by Ken Wilbur, specific to para. 17〕〔("Second Tier vMemes" ), by M. Alan Kazlev, December 2009〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Don Edward Beck」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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